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  • LY2603618 br Results and discussion br

    2021-10-21


    Results and discussion
    Conclusions A series of novel HDAC inhibitors comprising the thioquinazolinone were designed and synthesized. These derivatives were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against several human cancer cell lines. Then we chose compounds 7a, 4i, 4o, and 4p to further assess biological properties against SMMC7721 cancer cells. Compounds 7a, 4i, 4o, and 4p revealed excellent inhibitory activity against HDAC1 with IC50 of 0.1 μM, 0.38 μM, 0.29 μM and 0.01 μM respectively. They also showed HDAC2 inhibition with IC50 of 0.18 μM, 0.61 μM, 0.53 μM and 0.16 μM respectively. The molecular docking analysis further proved the HDAC inhibitory activity and isoform selectivity. In addition, compounds 7a, 4i, 4o, and 4p could suppress cell migration and decrease colony formation against SMMC7721 cells. Compounds 7a, 4i, and 4o induced SMMC7721 cells arrest at S phase of the cell cycle, and 4p arrested LY2603618 at G2/M phase. Moreover, 7a, 4o, and 4p could promote cell apoptosis more potently in comparison to CS055, CI994, and MS275. The immunofluorometric analysis indicated that compounds 7a, 4i, 4o, and 4p could influence the acetylation status of H3K9. Furthermore, compound 4p demonstrated potent in vivo antitumor efficacy and low toxicity. Further studies on antitumor activity in vivo could be considered in the future.
    Experimental section
    Acknowledgments We are grateful to the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21176018) for their generous financial supports.
    Introduction Regulation of chromatin dynamics is a vital aspect of normal developmental processes as dysregulation of chromatin dynamics is associated with a number of pathological conditions (Haberland et al., 2009, Kazantsev and Thompson, 2008, Machado-Vieira et al., 2011). In the field of neurobiology, epigenetic mechanisms represent a new frontier of understanding not only for simple cellular processes, but also complex multimodal cognitive-behavioral circuits (Day and Sweatt, 2012, Marcus et al., 1994, Ronan et al., 2013). Several studies have concluded that chromatin regulators make up a vast and complicated interconnected network (Maze et al., 2013, Venkatesh and Workman, 2015, Wenderski and Maze, 2016, Allis and Jenuwein, 2016). For this reason, it is critical to better understand the interactions between individual members of this network. Proteins implicated in regulating chromatin dynamics can be divided into two major classes: chromatin remodelers and chromatin modifiers (Henikoff et al., 2011, Jenuwein and Allis, 2001). Chromatin remodelers alter chromatin structure by moving, ejecting, or inserting nucleosomes, which are made up of DNA wrapped around histone octamers (Clapier and Cairns, 2009). The chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family is one of five major families of chromatin remodelers (Ho and Crabtree, 2010, Bartholomew, 2014). The two defining characteristics of this family are: 1) ATPase activity and 2) dual chromodomains. The latter recognizes histone N-terminal tail methylations, which confers the title of epigenetic ‘readers’ to this class of proteins (Flanagan et al., 2005). Drosophila melanogaster have three distinct CHD proteins, compared to nine identified in mammals (Clapier and Cairns, 2009, Brehm et al., 2004, Srinivasan et al., 2005, Bouazoune and Brehm, 2006). One of these Drosophila proteins, Kismet (Kis), is important for proper nervous system development and function (Ghosh et al., 2014, Melicharek et al., 2008, Melicharek et al., 2010). Decreasing Kis in motor neurons produces motor function deficits, aberrant synaptic morphology, and defects in postsynaptic glutamate receptor clustering and localization (Ghosh et al., 2014). Additionally, reducing Kis levels in the central nervous system (CNS) leads to axonal pruning and migration abnormalities and defects in higher-order behaviors like immediate recall memory (Melicharek et al., 2010). These studies indicate a vital role for Kis in mature CNS neurons.